Optimization Study of Diameter, Length, Filter Hole, and Engine Speed in Modified Exhaust on Power and Noise Level of 110 cc Motorcycle

Sugeng Hadi Susilo; Muhammad Zulfikar Rizky Anantya; Hazlina Md  Yusof

doi:10.70822/evrmata.vi.17

Authors

Sugeng Hadi Susilo State Polytechnic of Malang
Muhammad Zulfikar Rizky Anantya State Polytechnic of Malang
Hazlina Md Yusof International Islamic University Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70822/evrmata.vi.17

Keywords:

Design, Noise, Power, Pressure, Velocity

Abstract

The muffler functions to reduce noise. Changes in the muffler design can also affect engine performance and the environmental impact due to noise. In densely populated urban environments, the high noise level from motor vehicles can disturb the surrounding community. The purpose of this study are as follows: 1) To understand the influence of changes in muffler diameter, pipe length, and filter hole on power. 2) To understand the influence of changes in muffler diameter, pipe length, and filter hole on noise levels. 3) To determine the optimal values obtained from changes in muffler diameter, pipe length, and filter hole diameter. The study method is a two-stage experiment. The first stage aims to determine pressure values and flow velocities to identify the optimal values for muffler design. The second stage aims to determine power and noise levels to assess the effects of the muffler design changes.Based on the conducted study, there are effects from changes in muffler diameter, pipe length, and filter hole diameter on the generated engine power. The highest power output was obtained at the variable of 50 mm muffler diameter, 425 mm pipe length, and 2 mm filter hole diameter. As for the impact on noise levels, the lowest noise level was recorded at the variable of 38 mm muffler diameter, 525 mm pipe length, and 2 mm filter hole diameter. The optimal values were obtained through muffler design changes with a diameter of 45 mm, pipe length of 475 mm, and a 2 mm filter hole diameter

References

T. Sekine, “Efforts for social implementation of disaster mitigation system using probe motorcycles,” IATSS Res., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 209–223, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2024.02.003.

V. Cruccolini, G. Discepoli, J. Zembi, M. Battistoni, F. Mariani, and C. N. Grimaldi, “Experimental Assessment of a Pressure Wave Charger for Motorcycle Engines,” Energy Procedia, vol. 148, pp. 1254–1261, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.002.

A. Pascale, E. Macedo, C. Guarnaccia, and M. C. Coelho, “Smart mobility procedure for road traffic noise dynamic estimation by video analysis,” Appl. Acoust., vol. 208, p. 109381, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2023.109381.

A. Pascale, S. Mancini, E. Macedo, P. Fernandes, M. C. Coelho, and C. Guarnaccia, “Single vehicles’ noise emission curves analysis by means of first and second derivatives,” Appl. Acoust., vol. 211, p. 109526, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2023.109526.

M. Tabary et al., “The effectiveness of different types of motorcycle helmets – A scoping review,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 154, no. December 2020, p. 106065, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106065.

L. R. Jones, C. R. Cherry, T. A. Vu, and Q. N. Nguyen, “The effect of incentives and technology on the adoption of electric motorcycles: A stated choice experiment in Vietnam,” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract., vol. 57, pp. 1–11, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2013.09.003.

F. P. Wandani, M. Siti, M. Yamamoto, and Y. Yoshida, “Spatial econometric analysis of automobile and motorcycle traffic on Indonesian national roads and its socio-economic determinants: Is it local or beyond city boundaries?,” IATSS Res., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 76–85, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2017.07.001.

R. Di Pace, F. Storani, C. Guarnaccia, and S. de Luca, “Signal setting design to reduce noise emissions in a connected environment,” Phys. A Stat. Mech. its Appl., vol. 632, no. P2, p. 129328, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2023.129328.

P. Jittrapirom, H. Knoflacher, and M. Mailer, “The conundrum of the motorcycle in the mix of sustainable urban transport,” Transp. Res. Procedia, vol. 25, pp. 4869–4890, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.365.

Y. Chen et al., “The influences of ignition modes on the performances for a motorcycle single cylinder gasoline engine at lean burn operation: Looking inside interaction between flame front and turbulence,” Energy, vol. 179, pp. 528–541, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.001.

B. L. Cox and C. L. Mutel, “The environmental and cost performance of current and future motorcycles,” Appl. Energy, vol. 212, no. August 2017, pp. 1013–1024, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.100.

G. Zhang and J. Lin, “The local driving safety effect of motorcycle restrictions: Evidence from China,” Transp. Policy, vol. 153, no. May, pp. 222–236, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.05.021.

S. K. Huang, L. Kuo, and K. L. Chou, “The impacts of government policies on green utilization diffusion and social benefits - A case study of electric motorcycles in Taiwan,” Energy Policy, vol. 119, no. April, pp. 473–486, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.061.

L. D. Berrones-Sanz, “The working conditions of motorcycle taxi drivers in Tláhuac, Mexico City,” J. Transp. Heal., vol. 8, no. May 2017, pp. 73–80, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2017.04.008.

Y. T. Amedokpo, “Tracking early adoption of electric motorcycles: The mototaxi riders’ experience in Lomé,” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ., vol. 131, no. November 2023, p. 104184, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2024.104184.

M. M. Nugent, P. Huertas-Leyva, S. Rosalie, G. Savino, and N. Baldanzini, “Motorcycle rider arm muscle patterns characterize coordination of hand controls in emergency braking,” Int. J. Ind. Ergon., vol. 97, no. July, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ergon.2023.103474.

A. A. Awirya, D. P. Sembiring, B. Kreuta, and Anita, “The potential development of electric motorcycles in remote areas case study: Agats District, Asmat Regency, Indonesia,” Clean. Eng. Technol., vol. 17, no. October, p. 100690, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2023.100690.

P. Rowden, B. Watson, N. Haworth, A. Lennon, L. Shaw, and R. Blackman, “Motorcycle riders’ self-reported aggression when riding compared with car driving,” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 36, pp. 92–103, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2015.11.006.

D. Ehebrecht, D. Heinrichs, and B. Lenz, “Motorcycle-taxis in sub-Saharan Africa: Current knowledge, implications for the debate on ‘informal’ transport and research needs,” J. Transp. Geogr., vol. 69, no. May 2017, pp. 242–256, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.05.006.

Y. C. Chiu and G. H. Tzeng, “The market acceptance of electric motorcycles in Taiwan experience through a stated preference analysis,” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 127–146, 1999, doi: 10.1016/S1361-9209(99)00001-2.

M. Schnegg, G. Massonnet, and L. Gueissaz, “Motorcycle helmets: What about their coating?,” Forensic Sci. Int., vol. 252, pp. 114–126, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.034.

C. Lin, S. Zhang, B. Gong, and H. Liu, “Near-crash risk identification and evaluation for takeout delivery motorcycles using roadside LiDAR,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 199, no. February, p. 107520, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107520.

M. Winkelbauer, M. Donabauer, A. Pommer, and R. Jansen, “Naturalistic data on time headway behind motorcycles and other vehicles,” Saf. Sci., vol. 119, no. December 2017, pp. 162–173, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.01.020.

I. Boniolo, M. Norgia, M. Tanelli, C. Svelto, and S. M. Savaresi, Performance analysis of an optical distance sensor for roll angle estimation in sport motorcycles, vol. 41, no. 2. IFAC, 2008. doi: 10.3182/20080706-5-kr-1001.00023.

G. Panzani, M. Corno, and S. M. Savaresi, “On adaptive electronic throttle control for sport motorcycles,” Control Eng. Pract., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 42–53, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.conengprac.2012.09.007.

A. Pascale et al., “Road traffic noise monitoring in a Smart City: Sensor and Model-Based approach,” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ., vol. 125, no. June, p. 103979, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2023.103979.

S. J. Chen, C. Y. Chen, and M. R. Lin, “Risk factors for crash involvement in older motorcycle riders,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 111, no. October 2017, pp. 109–114, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.11.006.

L. Bonisoli, A. M. Velepucha Cruz, and D. K. Rogel Elizalde, “Revving towards sustainability: Environmentalism impact on electric motorcycle adoption,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 435, no. December 2023, p. 140262, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140262.

M. Ranchet, V. Cavallo, N. T. Dang, and F. Vienne, “Improving motorcycle conspicuity through innovative headlight configurations,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 94, pp. 119–126, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.011.

N. Sheng, X. Zhou, and Y. Zhou, “Environmental impact of electric motorcycles: Evidence from traffic noise assessment by a building-based data mining technique,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 554–555, pp. 73–82, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.148.

T. Nowakowski and P. Komorski, “Tram noise annoyance: The role of different psychoacoustic measures in the assessment of noise,” Appl. Acoust., vol. 219, no. February, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2024.109946.

C. Prasad Das, S. Goswami, B. Kumar Swain, and M. Das, “Association between traffic noise-induced psychophysiological, and socio-demographic factors of motorcycle riders,” Appl. Acoust., vol. 196, p. 108898, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2022.108898.

C. P. Das, S. Goswami, B. K. Swain, and M. Das, “Effect of wearing helmet on traffic noise-induced health issues of motorcycle riders,” J. Transp. Heal., vol. 27, no. April, p. 101507, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2022.101507.